Betto Douglas (also known as Elizabeth Douglas, c.
1772-?) was a slave on St. Kitts, at the time a British Colony. What is
known of her life illuminates the practice slavery in the Caribbean and
the efforts of abolitionist societies to free them. Douglas is an iconic
figure of resistance to slavery in the country and her story is featured
in the National Museum of Saint Kitts and Nevis. In Britain, she is
included on the initial slave register for St. Kitts and kept in the
Central Slave Registries at the British National Archives, which are
enrolled in the UNESCO Memory of the World Registry.
Betto
Douglas was born around 1772 to a white father and enslaved mother on
the Romney Plantation in St. Kitts. She was listed on the initial slave
register for St. Kitts, which was compiled in 1817, as a mulatto woman,
aged forty five with two children, Cleisby and Sawney Frazer. She was
the property of the Earl of Romney, an absentee landlord of the estate
on St. Kitts. While John George Goldfrap was the agent for the 2nd Earl,
Douglas asked to purchase the freedom of her two sons. Goldfrap wrote to
the Earl on Douglas' behalf and received a letter that he would allow
her to be manumitted, indicating he had instructed his new agent, Rev.
Davis to take the necessary measures.
After several years had
passed without them being emancipated, a new overseer, Richard Cardin,
was hired on the estate. Cardin hired out Douglas requiring her to pay a
fee of three and a half dollars per month from her earnings for the
small house she lived in and her daily food allowance. Douglas
complained that the fee was too high and given the economic times,
indicated no one would pay such a fee for her services. She often went
into arrears or had to borrow the funds,[4][5] but she refused to engage
in illegal behavior, like thievery or prostitution to acquire the
monies. After several years passed without the emancipation being
procured, Douglas petitioned Governor Charles William Maxwell in 1825.
Maxwell made inquiry and procured statements from both Douglas and
Cardin. Douglas claimed that when she was unable to pay the fee, Cardin
withheld food from her and locked her in the stocks for six months. She
stated that he threatened her with imprisonment for failure to pay and
ordered her to be lashed, so she ran away. Cardin confirmed the terms of
Douglas' hire fees, difficulty in paying and that she had been placed in
the stocks, but insisted that Douglas had been provided food daily from
the estate, which she refused because she was being punished. Cardin
stated that her family had provided her with daily food and that she was
allowed out of the stocks when she needed to bathe in the river. At the
completion of the inquiry, the grand jury's decision was that Douglas
had been insubordinate, that they could not determine that her
punishment had been excessive, and she was ordered to return to the
estate.
Transmitting the findings to Lord Bathurst, Governor
Maxwell stated that Douglas’ treatment had been illegal, but that it was
customary in the island and "considered justifiable and proper".
Bathurst noted that no witnesses favorable to Douglas had been called
and expressed his disapproval that the punishment inflicted upon her was
disproportionate to her offense. As she did not feel she had received
justice, Douglas then took her case in 1827 to the colonial courts. Her
case was taken up by abolitionists world-wide. The Anti-Slavery Reporter
began covering the case in 1827 in London. The courts reviewed the case
and reprimanded Douglas for injuring the reputation of Cardin. Returned
again to the estate, she was again confined to the stocks for a period
of six months and eleven days. The Female Society for the Relief of
British Negro Slaves collected funds in 1830 to try to buy her freedom,
but were refused by the Lord Proprietor. South African, Thomas Pringle
first wrote about her in 1832 in his journal, the Anti-Slavery Record
and a year later was still writing about the refusal to grant her
emancipation. Douglas was finally granted manumission three months
before the Abolition Act passed in July 1833.
Douglas' case shows
that even when slaves utilized legal remedies to obtain relief, the
justice system often failed to protect them. The elderly woman was
subjected to contradictions in the law, which treated her case as if she
was a public nuisance under colonial customs, rather than someone who
should have been protected by British law. Her testimony also shows that
she was familiar with legal concepts as well as the economic functioning
of the slave system, bringing to light the complex nature of slave
relationships with their owners.
In St. Kitts, Douglas is viewed
as an icon of those who resisted slavery and fought for their
emancipation. Her story has been featured in the National Museum of St.
Kitts and Nevis and is regularly featured in presentations about the
island's history. In Britain, she is included on initial register for
St. Kitts, which was compiled in 1817, and kept in the Central Slave
Registries at the British National Archives, which were enrolled in the
UNESCO Memory of the World Registry in 2008 for preservation.
See
also:
• The case of
Betto Douglas
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