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- Known as Lord John Russell before 1861
On 11 April 1835, Russell married Adelaide, Lady Ribblesdale, the eldest daughter of Thomas Lister Esq. and the widow of Thomas Lister, 2nd Baron Ribblesdale, who had died in 1832.[16] Her death in 1838 cut the marriage short after three years. They had two daughters, Lady Georgiana Adelaide Russell (1836? 1922), who married Archibald Peel and had a daughter, Grace (1878? 1973); and Lady Victoria Russell (1838? 1880), who married the Rev. Henry Montagu Villiers, and left many descendants.[17]
On 20 July 1841 Russell married secondly Lady Frances Anna-Maria Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, daughter of Gilbert Elliot, 2nd Earl of Minto. Their children were John Russell, Viscount Amberley (1842? 1876), George Gilbert William Russell (1848? 1933); Francis Albert Rollo Russell (1849? 1914) and Mary Augusta Russell (1853? 1933). They lived at Pembroke Lodge, Richmond Park.[18]
Russell and his second wife brought up the children of his eldest son Lord Amberley, orphaned by the deaths of their mother Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley in 1874 and their father two years later. These included philosopher Bertrand Russell, who recalled his grandfather in his later life as "a kindly old man in a wheelchair".[19]
The 1st Earl Russell is buried at the 'Bedford Chapel' at St. Michael's Church, Chenies.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, KG , GCMG , PC (18 August 1792 -28 May 1878 ), known as Lord John Russell before 1861, was a British Whig and Liberal politician who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century.
Russell was born into the highest echelons of the British aristocracy. The Russell family had been one of the principal Whig dynasties in England since the 17th century, and were among the richest handful of aristocratic landowning families in the country, but as a younger son of the 6th Duke of Bedford he was not in line to inherit the family estates.
He was educated at Westminster School and then at the University of Edinburgh - one of only three university-educated British Prime Ministers to have attended somewhere other than Oxford or Cambridge (the others being the Earl of Bute and Neville Chamberlain ).
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Politics
Russell entered parliament as a Whig in 1813. In 1819, Russell embraced the cause of parliamentary reform, and led the more reformist wing of the Whigs throughout the 1820s. When the Whigs came to power in 1830 in Earl Grey 's government, Russell entered the government as Paymaster of the Forces , and was soon elevated to the Cabinet. He was one of the principal leaders of the fight for the Reform Act 1832 , earning the nickname Finality John from his complacently pronouncing the Act a final measure. In 1834, when the leader of the Commons, Lord Althorp , succeeded to the peerage as Earl Spencer , Russell became the leader of the Whigs in the Commons, a position he maintained for the rest of the decade, until the Whigs fell from power in 1841. In this position, Russell continued to lead the more reformist wing of the Whig party, calling, in particular, for religious freedom, and, as Home Secretary in the late 1830s, played a large role in democratizing the government of British cities (other than London ).
In 1845, as leader of the Opposition , Russell came out in favour of repeal of the Corn Laws , forcing Tory Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel to follow him. When the Tories split the next year over this issue, the Whigs returned to power and Russell became Prime Minister . Russell's premiership was frustrating, and, due to party disunity and his own ineffectual leadership, he was unable to get many of the measures he was interested in passed.
Russell's first government coincided with the Irish Potato Famine of the late 1840s. Russell's government also saw conflict with his headstrong Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston , whose belligerence and support for continental revolution he found embarrassing. When, without royal approval, Palmerston recognized Napoleon III 's coup of December 2 , 1851 , Palmerston was forced to resign, and the ministry soon collapsed.
After a short-lived minority Tory government under the Earl of Derby , Russell brought the Whigs into a new coalition government with the Peelite Tories, headed by the Peelite Lord Aberdeen . Russell served again as Leader of the House of Commons, and together with Palmerston was instrumental in getting Britain involved in the Crimean War , against the wishes of the cautious, Russophile Aberdeen. Incompetence in the early stages of the war, however, led to the collapse of the government, and Palmerston formed a new government. Although Russell was initially included, he did not get on well with his former subordinate, and temporarily retired from politics in 1855, focusing on writing.
In 1859, following another short-lived Tory government, Palmerston and Russell made up their differences, and Russell consented to serve as Foreign Secretary in a new Palmerston cabinet - usually considered the first true Liberal Cabinet. This period was a particularly eventful one in the world outside Britain, seeing the Unification of Italy , the American Civil War , and the 1864 war over Schleswig-Holstein between Denmark and the German states. Russell's handling of these crises was not particularly noteworthy, and he was always overshadowed by his more eminent chief. In particular, his attempts to attain British mediation in the American war, which were shot down by the cautious Palmerston, did not improve his position. Russell was elevated to the peerage as Viscount Amberley, of Amberley in the County of Gloucester and of Ardsalla in the County of Meath, and Earl Russell, of Kingston Russell in the County of Dorset, in 1861.
When Palmerston suddenly died in late 1865, Russell again became Prime Minister . His second premiership was short and frustrating, and Russell failed in his great ambition of expanding the franchise - a task that would be left to his Tory successors, Derby and Benjamin Disraeli . In 1866, party disunity again brought down his government, and Russell went into permanent retirement.
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1792 - 1878 (86 years)
d. 30 Mar 1914, Holland Street, Kensington, London, England